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Starting a Business in India

Liaison office

A liaison office is the most basic form of business presence that a foreign company can have in India. Permission to open a liaison office in India is granted by RBI, the apex exchange control authority. Liaison offices are normally established by foreign companies to promote their business interests by spreading awareness of their product(s) and exploring opportunities for business and investment in India. Foreign insurance companies have a general.
Permission to establish a liaison office in India provided they have obtained permission from the Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India and they comply with certain prescribed conditions.

Scope of activities
Under the current exchange control regulations, a liaison office is permitted to :

There is no need to appoint local director to incorporate a company in India.
Foreign nationals can incorporate company in India and hold foreign equity to the extent of 100%, which is dependent upon sector in which company will operate and is subject to approval from either Reserve Bank of India (RBI) or Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). More...

Typically, a liaison office is not permitted to :

Earn any income;
Undertake any industrial, trading or commercial activity;
Enter into any agreement on behalf of the head office;
Borrow or lend money for any commercial activity;
Charge any fee or commission or otherwise earn any income, in respect of liaison activities carried on in India.

Approval Process
An application in the prescribed form has to be submitted to RBI for establishing a liaison office in India. The lead time for processing a liaison office approval typically ranges from three to four weeks, unless the application is referred to the administrative ministry concerned within the Government of India for its comments, which may lead to an increase in the processing time.

Remittance facilities
As stated above, a liaison office cannot earn any income in India (except for interest on surplus funds lying in its local bank account subject to certain conditions). Therefore, all expenses of the liaison office have to be met out of inward remittances from the head office. Any balance in the liaison office account can typically be repatriated, only at the time of closure of the liaison office.

Taxation
As stated above, liaison offices are not permitted to carry on any industrial, trading or commercial activities, nor to earn any income in India. However, sec 139(1) requires all companies to furnish a return of income. Hence, liaison offices would also be required to file their return of income in India.

Exit options
Closure of a liaison office normally involves a time frame of five to six weeks. An application enclosing the prescribed documentation is required to be made to the requisite regional office of RBI.

Project Office
In case a foreign company wishes to establish a business presence in India for the limited purpose of executing a project, it may establish a project office for its Indian operations. The objective behind establishment of a project office is to enable a foreign company to establish a temporary base in India for executing specific projects/contracts.

A foreign company may open a project office in India for executing a contract secured by an Indian company without the prior permission of RBI provided the following conditions are satisfied :

The project is funded directly by inward remittance from abroad;
The project is funded by a bilateral or multilateral international Financing Agency;
The project has been cleared by an appropriate authority;
A company or entity in India awarding the contract has been granted term loan by a public financial institution or a bank in India for the project.

In all other cases, prior approval of the RBI is required to establish a project office in India.

Remittance facilities

A project office is permitted to open and operate a bank account including a foreign currency account in India. Typically, expenses of the project office in India can be met only out of inward remittances from the head office, or rupee amounts received locally under the approved contract(s).

Outward remittances from the bank account are permitted subject to certain compliance requirements.

Taxation
A project office is considered as an extension of a foreign company in India. Therefore, income earned by the project office is taxable in India in accordance with the taxation provisions applicable to foreign companies under the Income-tax Act, 1961 ("Act").

Exit options
Being a restricted business presence in India, the process for closure of a project office is straightforward, and normally involves a time frame of five to six weeks. An application enclosing the prescribed documentation has to be made to the regional office of RBI in case the project office was established under the approval route and to the Authorized Dealer in case the project office was established under the general permission.

Branch office
In the case where a foreign company wishes to undertake trading or commercial activities in India without establishing/investing into an Indian company, it may establish a branch office in India, with the prior approval of RBI, for undertaking certain specified activities.

Scope of activities
Branch offices are permitted to undertake only those activities, as approved by RBI, that typically enable them to :

Undertake the export and import of goods;
Render professional or consultancy services;
Carry out research work in which the parent company is engaged;
Promote technical and financial collaborations between Indian companies and parent/overseas group companies;
Represent the parent company in India and act as buying and selling agents;
Render services in information technology and development of software in India;
Render technical support to the products supplied by the parent/group companies;
Operate as a foreign airline/shipping company.

100% FDI is allowed in setting up a stand -alone branch in a SEZ. A branch has to be set up on a stand-alone basis, i.e. such branch office will be isolated and restricted to the SEZ alone and no business activity/transaction will be allowed outside the SEZ (this includes branches/subsidiaries of its parent office in India).

Approval process
An application in the prescribed form has to be submitted to RBI for establishing a branch office in India. The lead time for processing a branch office approval typically ranges from four to five weeks, unless the application is referred to the administrative ministry concerned (such as in the case of banking entities) within the Government of India for comments which may lead to an increase in processing time.

As per the provisions of the SEZ Act, no prior approval of RBI is required to set up a branch in a SEZ.

Remittance facilities
The RBI approval for establishing a branch office permits the opening of a bank account for meeting expenses related to Indian activities, as well as crediting proceeds/income generated in India. Branches are permitted to repatriate profits generated in India on an ongoing basis, after complying with certain procedural requirements.

Taxation A branch office is considered as an extension of a foreign company in India. Therefore, income earned by the branch office is taxed in India in accordance with the taxation provisions applicable to foreign companies under the Act.

In case the provisions of a tax treaty between India and the country of which the foreign company is resident, are more beneficial than the Act, then it is open to the foreign company to elect being taxed under the provisions of the relevant tax treaty.

Exit options Closure of a branch office normally involves a time frame of six to eight weeks. An application enclosing the prescribed documentation has to be made to the Central office of RBI.

Apart from obtaining RBI approval for establishing a liaison office, project office/branch office, the foreign company is also required to register with the Registrar of Companies ("ROC"). An application has to be filed in the prescribed form within 30 days of the establishment of the office in India with ROC, pursuant to which ROC would issue a certificate of establishment of place of business in India to the foreign company.

Entry requirements for doing business in India

Public Limited Company A company that can offer shares to the public is termed as a public limited company. The Companies Act 1956 mandates a list of criteria that have to be met by the public limited companies before they start their business operations in India. A few of these criteria are listed below :

It should have at least seven shareholders.
A public company is allowed to start its activities only after procuring the ‘Certificate of Commencement of Business’. The ‘Certificate of Incorporation’ alone will not suffice the purpose.
The company should release a prospectus or issue a statement to sell its securities.
It must have at least three directors in its board.
The company should conduct statutory meeting from time to time.

Private Limited Company
A private limited company is not owned by any governmental body, and it does not offer public shares. The number of shareholders for a private limited company is restricted to a maximum 50, whereas the minimum required is 2. The shareholders, however, do not have the power to transfer or trade their shares publicly.